Schools > Students > Ages 17-18 > Buddhism and human rights > Gratitude Gratitude
Usually, influenced by books or even Buddhist scriptures,
we think of the Buddha's Enlightenment as
having taken place at a particular time, roughly 2,500
years ago - which, of course, in a sense, it did. We also tend
to think of it as having taken place on a particular day, at a particular
hour, even at a particular minute, at the instant when the Buddha
broke through from the conditioned to the Unconditioned.
But a little reflection, and a little further study of the scriptures,
will show us that it didn't happen quite like that. Here we can consider
the distinction between the path of vision and the
path of transformation - a distinction
usually made in connection with the Noble Eightfold Path. On the path
of vision one has an experience of the transcendental, a profound
insight into the true nature of Reality which goes far
beyond any merely intellectual understanding. This insight comes gradually
to pervade and transform every aspect of one's being - one's body,
speech, and mind, to use the traditional Buddhist classification.
It transforms all our activities. It transforms one, in fact, into
a very different kind of person - a wiser and more compassionate
person. This process is known as the path of transformation.(footnote 101)
Something like this takes place in the spiritual life of each and
every one of us. And we see the same sort of thing happening, on a
much more exalted plane, in the case of the Buddha. The Buddha's vision
is unlimited, absolute, and all-embracing, and his transformation
of body, speech, and mind can therefore be described as total, even
infinite. But all the same, it did take a little time for this final
transformation to take place. Buddhist tradition speaks of the Buddha
as spending seven - or nine - weeks (accounts vary) in the
vicinity of the bodhi tree, the tree beneath which he attained Enlightenment.
In the course of each of those weeks something of importance happened.
We could say that the Buddha's experience of Enlightenment started
percolating through his being, until by the end of the last week (whether
the seventh or the ninth) the process of transformation was at last
complete.
One week a great storm arose, and the Buddha was sheltered from the
rain, so the story goes, by the serpent king Mucalinda,
who spread his sevenfold hood over the Buddha's head as he meditated.
Another week, Brahma Sahampati, the ruler
of a thousand worlds, requested the Buddha to teach the Dharma, saying
that at least some of the beings in the world would be capable of
understanding it, their eyes being covered with only a little dust.
And the Buddha, out of compassion, agreed to teach.
But here I want to focus on another episode, one that occurred
quite early in the period after the Buddha's attainment of Enlightenment
- during the second week, according to one source. According to
this tradition, the Buddha stood at a distance to the north-east of
the bodhi tree and remained for one week gazing at the
tree with unblinking eyes.(footnote 102)
Centuries later, a stupa was erected on that very spot,
to mark the place where the Buddha had gazed at the bodhi tree. It
was known as 'the stupa of unblinking eyes', and Hsuan Tsang, the great Chinese pilgrim, saw it when he visited
India in the seventh century ce. In the memoirs he dictated
to his disciples in his old age back in China, he described it thus:
'On the left side of the road, to the north of the place where the
Buddha walked, is a large stone on the top of which, as it stands
in a great vihara, is a figure of the Buddha with his eyes raised
and looking up. Here in former times the Buddha sat [he says 'sat'
but the source text says 'stood'] for seven days contemplating the
bodhi tree.'(footnote 103)
Perhaps the Buddha didn't literally stand or sit there for a whole
week, but we may take it that he gazed at the bodhi tree for a very
long time. And the source text makes it clear why. He did it because
he was grateful to the tree for having sheltered him at the time of
his attainment of Enlightenment. According to the scriptures, the
Buddha demonstrated gratitude in other ways too. After Brahma Sahampati had made his request that the Buddha
should teach the Dharma, and the Buddha had decided to do so, he then
wondered to whom he should teach it. He thought first of his two old
teachers, from whom he had learned to meditate not long after he left
home. Finding their teaching insufficient, he had left them, but they
had been helpful to him at a particular stage of his career, and after
his Enlightenment he remembered that. It's as though he had a
spiritual debt to them that he wanted to repay. But he quickly realized
that his old teachers were dead.
He then thought of his five former companions. They too were people
he knew from an earlier period of his spiritual quest, from the time
of his experiments in asceticism. After leaving his first two teachers,
he started practising extreme self-mortification, in the company of
five friends who became disciples of his and admired him greatly because
he had gone further in his self-mortification than anybody else at
that time. But eventually the Buddha-to-be saw the futility of asceticism,
realized that that was not the way to Enlightenment, and gave it up.
When he started taking solid food again, just a few handfuls of rice
to sustain himself, the five ascetics left him in disgust, saying,
'The sramana Gautama has returned to luxurious living.' But
this parting was not what remained in the Buddha's mind. Having realized
that his two old teachers were dead, he reflected, 'The five ascetics
were of great help to me when I was practising the penances. I would
like to preach the Dharma to them.' So this is what he did. He went
to them, he taught them, and eventually they too realized the Truth
that he had realized. And he did this out of gratitude.
So the newly Enlightened Buddha was a grateful Buddha, an idea
which is perhaps unfamiliar to us. We think of the all-wise Buddha,
the compassionate Buddha, the resourceful Buddha, but we don't usually
think of the grateful Buddha. But one of the very first things the
Buddha did after his attainment of Enlightenment was to show his gratitude
to those who had helped him. He was even grateful to a tree.
This incident alone gives us food for thought. The Buddhist scriptures
contain a number of references that show that the Buddha and his disciples
didn't regard trees and stones as inanimate dead matter. They regarded
them as living things. They would even have a relationship with them;
they would talk to a tree or a flower, or rather to the spirit -
the devata, as they called it - inhabiting it. It is surely
much better to have this attitude, to be an animist, than
to think that trees and flowers and rocks and stones are just dead
matter. The Buddha certainly didn't think in that way, and it was
therefore possible for him to be grateful even to a tree.
It is not surprising, given that this was the Buddha's attitude, that
gratitude finds a place in his ethical and spiritual teaching. It
is found, for example, in the Mangala
Sutta, the 'Sutta of Blessings or Auspicious Signs'. This sutta,
which is very short and is found in the Pali Canon, is often regarded
as summarizing the whole duty, as we may call it, of the serious-minded
Buddhist, and it enumerates gratitude as one of the auspicious signs.
According to the Mangala Sutta, it is a sign that you are
making spiritual progress.(footnote 104)
But what is gratitude? What do we mean when we use this term? To find
this out, we can turn to the dictionaries - and,
of course, we should be very grateful to the makers of dictionaries.
I am personally very grateful to Samuel Johnson. His
historic dictionary is always at my elbow in my study, and when I
am writing I sometimes consult it several times a day. Johnson defines
gratitude as 'duty to benefactors' and as 'desire to return benefits'.
Coming to more modern dictionaries the Concise Oxford says,
'being thankful; readiness to show appreciation for and to return
kindness', and Collins has 'a feeling of thankfulness or appreciation,
as for gifts or favours'.
Such are the definitions of the English word, and they do give us
some understanding of what gratitude is. But from a Buddhist point
of view we need to go further, and look at the Pali word being
translated as gratitude: katannuta.
Kata means that which has been done, especially that which
has been done to oneself; and annuta means knowing
or recognizing; so katannuta means knowing and
recognizing what has been done to one for one's benefit. These definitions
indicate that the connotation of the Pali word is rather different
from that of its English translation. The connotation of the English
word gratitude is emotional - we speak of feeling grateful.
But the connotation of katannuta is rather more
intellectual, more cognitive. It makes it clear that what we call
gratitude involves an element of knowledge: knowledge
of what has been done to us or for us for our benefit. If we do not
know that something has benefited us, we will not feel grateful.
The Buddha knew that the bodhi tree had sheltered him, and he knew
that his five former companions had been helpful to him, so he felt
gratitude towards them. Not only that: he gave expression to that
feeling. He acted upon it by spending a whole week simply gazing at
the bodhi tree, and then by going in search of his five former companions
so that he could communicate to them the truth that he had discovered.
The important implication is that it is a perfectly natural thing
to feel grateful for benefits we have received.
But the benefit has to be recognized as a benefit. If we
don't feel that someone or something actually has benefited us, we
won't feel grateful to them or to it. This suggests that we have to
understand what is truly beneficial, what has really helped us to
grow and develop as human beings. We also have to know who or what
has benefited us, and remember that they have done so - otherwise
no feeling of gratitude is possible.
In Buddhism there are traditionally three principal objects of gratitude:
our parents, our teachers, and our spiritual friends. We have already
considered some aspects of each of these relationships. Here I want
to reflect a little on gratitude in relation to each of them.
I came back to England after spending twenty years uninterruptedly
in the East studying, practising and teaching the Dharma. When I came
back, I found that much had changed. Quite a few things struck me
as unusual - I hadn't encountered them in India, or at least not
to the same extent. One thing that definitely surprised me was finding
out how many people, at least among those I knew, were on bad terms
with their parents. Perhaps I noticed this especially
because I was in contact with people who were concerned about their
spiritual development, and wanted to straighten themselves out psychologically
and emotionally.
If one is on bad terms with one's parents, something is quite seriously
wrong. Perhaps it wouldn't even be an exaggeration to say that one's
whole emotional life is likely to be affected, indirectly at least,
by this state of affairs. I therefore used to encourage people to
get back into positive contact with their parents, if it happened
that they were estranged from them for any reason. I encouraged people
to be more open with their parents and to develop positive feelings
towards them. This was especially necessary in connection with the
practice of the metta bhavana, the development of loving
kindness. People had to learn to develop metta even towards their
parents, and for those who had had difficult childhoods, or had even
suffered at the hands of their parents in some way, this was not easy.
But even so, it was necessary in the interests of their own emotional,
psychological, and spiritual development to get over whatever feelings
of bitterness or resentment they were harbouring.
Some people, I discovered, blamed their parents in all sorts of ways
for all sorts of things - an attitude which is reflected in a
well-known little poem by Philip Larkin called 'This
Be The Verse'. In this poem, Larkin gives expression in rather crude
language to what he thinks your mum and dad have done to you, and
he draws a rather depressing conclusion from that. The last verse
of the poem reads:
Man hands on misery to man,
It deepens like a coastal shelf;
Get out as early as you can,
And don't have any kids yourself.
What a grim, nasty little poem! In 1995, however, it was
voted one of Britain's favourite poems, coming in between Thomas Hood's 'I remember, I remember' and D.H. Lawrence's
'The Snake'. The fact that Larkin's poem should be so popular among
intelligent poetry readers gives food for thought, suggesting as it
does that negative attitudes towards parents are fairly widespread
in our society.
The Buddha himself had quite a lot to say about our relation to our
parents. In the Sigalaka Sutta
he is represented as saying that there are five ways in which a son
should minister to his mother and father as the eastern direction.
He should think, 'Having been supported by them, I will support them,
I will perform their duties for them. I will keep up the family tradition.
I will be worthy of my heritage. After my parents' deaths I will distribute
gifts on their behalf.'(footnote 105) The same applies, of course, to
a daughter. She too should minister to her mother and father as the
eastern direction, she too should think in this manner.
There is a lot that could be said about the five ways in which one
should minister to one's parents. Here, though, I want to touch on
something even more fundamental - so fundamental that in this
sutta the Buddha seems to take it for granted. It is hinted at, however,
in the imagery of the sutta. The Buddha explains to Sigala that
one pays homage to the east by ministering to one's parents in five
ways. But why the east?
The reason is perhaps obvious. The sun rises in the east, it has its
origin in the east, so to speak, and similarly we owe our origin to
our parents - leaving aside questions of karma, of which perhaps
parents are only instruments. If it were not for our parents, we would
not be here now. They have given us life, they have given us a human body, and in Buddhism the human body is regarded
as a very precious thing. It is precious because it is only in a human
body (whether male or female) that one is able to attain Enlightenment.
In giving us a human body, our parents are therefore giving us the
possibility of attaining Enlightenment and we should be intensely
grateful to them for that, especially if we are actually practising
the Dharma.
Not only do our parents give us a human body; despite Larkin, they
bring us up as best they can. They enable us to survive, they educate
us. They may not always be able to send us to university and all that,
but they teach us to speak, and this is the basis of most of the things
we subsequently learn. Usually it's our mother who teaches us our
first words, and this gives us the expression 'mother tongue'. It
is through our mother tongue that we have access to all the literature
that has been written in the language we learn in our earliest days,
and we can enjoy that literature fully because it is in our mother
tongue, rather than in a language we learn in later life.
Not everybody cares to acknowledge their debt to their parents. The
classic example in English literature is the character Mr Bounderby in Charles Dickens's Hard
Times, which happens to be one of my favourite Dickens novels.
Mr Bounderby is a successful industrialist, and he is very fond of
telling everybody that he is a self-made man. He tells them this on
every possible occasion and at great length. He describes in vivid
detail how he was abandoned by his mother, how he was beaten by a
drunken grandmother, how he lived in the gutter as a child and had
to fend for himself, how nobody had ever helped him and how he had
made his own way in the world and become a rich man entirely by his
own efforts. In the course of the novel, however, it transpires that
all this is completely false. In truth he had a loving mother who
brought him up carefully and educated him and helped him as much as
she possibly could. In fact, his mother is still alive, but he keeps
her at a distance in the country somewhere and won't allow her to
visit him. In other words, Mr Bounderby is a monster of ingratitude.
We will consider the question of why people are so ungrateful later
on. First, though, let us turn to the second of the principal objects
of gratitude in Buddhism: our teachers. By teachers
here I mean not Dharma teachers, but all those from whom we derive
our secular education and culture. Here our school teachers
obviously have an important place. From them we derive the rudiments
of such learning as we have, and we therefore have to be grateful
to them. The fact is that we have found out very little of what we
know, or what we think we know, as a result of our own efforts. Practically
everything we know has been taught to us in one way or another. If
we think of our knowledge of science or history, for example, few
of us have even performed a single scientific experiment, or discovered
a single historical fact, which no one else had performed, or discovered,
before. All our work in this field has been done for us by others.
We have benefited from their efforts, and our knowledge is little
more than the echo of theirs.
As well as learning from living teachers, we also learn from people
who have been dead for hundreds of years, from the writings they have
left and the records of the words they spoke. It is
not just a question of learning from them in a purely intellectual
sense, acquiring information. Among those books are great works of
the imagination - great poems, great novels, great dramas -
and these works are a source of infinite enrichment, without which
we would be immeasurably poorer. They help us deepen and enlarge our
vision. We should therefore be grateful to the great men and women
who have produced them. We should be grateful to Homer and
Virgil, Dante and Milton, Aeschylus
and Kalidasa, Shakespeare
and Goethe. We should be grateful to Murasaki Shikibu, Cervantes, Jane Austen,
Dickens, Dostoyevsky, and hundreds of
others, who have influenced us more than we can possibly realize.
The American critic Harold Bloom has gone so far as to
claim that Shakespeare is the creator of human nature as we know it,
which is a very big claim indeed (though he gives his reasons for
it).
Of course, our experience is also deepened, and our vision enlarged,
by the visual arts and by music. The great painters, sculptors, and
composers are also among our teachers. They too have enriched our
lives, and to them too we should be grateful. I won't mention any
names in this connection because there are simply too many to choose
from - both ancient and modern, Eastern and Western - certainly
not because I think that the great artists and composers are any less
important than the great poets, novelists, and dramatists.
Thus by 'teachers' I mean all those who between them have created
our collective cultural heritage, without which we would not be fully
human. Remembering what we owe them, and feeling grateful to the great
artists, poets, and composers, we should not only enjoy their work
but also celebrate their memory and share our enthusiasm for them
with our friends.
Before we go on to consider the third principal object of gratitude,
our spiritual friends, I want to make the general point that we need
not think of these three objects of gratitude as being completely
separate and distinct from one another. There's a certain amount of
overlap between the first and second, and between the second and third.
Our parents are also our teachers to an extent. In Buddhist tradition
parents are called poranacariyas,
which means 'former (or ancient) teachers'. They are called this because
they are the first teachers we ever had, even if they only taught
us to speak a few words. We can be grateful to our parents not only
for giving us life but also for giving us at least the rudiments of
knowledge, and initiating us into the beginnings of our cultural heritage.
Similarly there is some overlap between teachers and spiritual friends. The very greatest poets, artists, and
composers can inspire us with spiritual values, help us rise to spiritual
heights. In the course of the last few hundred years, great changes
have taken place, at least in the West. Previously, Christianity
as represented by the Church was the great, even the sole, bearer
of spiritual values. But now, having lost faith in Christianity, many
people look elsewhere to find meaning and values, and they find them
in great works of art: in the plays of Shakespeare,
the poetry of Wordsworth, Baudelaire,
and Rilke, the music of Bach, Beethoven,
and Mozart, the great painters and sculptors of the Italian
Renaissance. These great masters become, as it were, our spiritual
friends, especially if we remain in contact with them and with their
work over many years. Learning to admire and love them, we feel intensely
grateful to them for what they have given us. They are among our spiritual
friends in the broadest sense.
But now let us come to our spiritual friends 'proper'. Here, as with
the word gratitude, we have to go back to the Sanskrit words behind
the English equivalent. As we have already seen, the Sanskrit phrase
translated as 'spiritual friend' is kalyana
mitra. Mitra comes from the word maitri (Pali,
metta), and maitri is strong,
unselfish, active love, sharply distinguished in Buddhist
tradition from prema (Pali, pema), in
the sense of sexual love or attachment. A mitra or friend is therefore
one who feels a strong unselfish active love towards one. And kalyana
means firstly 'beautiful, charming,' and secondly 'auspicious, helpful,
morally good'. Thus kalyana mitra has a much richer connotation
than the English phrase 'spiritual friend'.
Our spiritual friends are all those who are spiritually more experienced
than we are. The Buddhas are our spiritual friends. The Arhants and
the Bodhisattvas are our spiritual friends. The great Buddhist teachers
of India and China, Tibet and Japan, are our spiritual friends. Those
who teach us meditation are our spiritual friends. Those with whom
we study the scriptures are our spiritual friends. Those who ordain
us are our spiritual friends. And all these spiritual friends should
be the objects of our intense, heartfelt gratitude. We should be even
more grateful to them than we are to our teachers.
Why? Because from our spiritual friends we receive the Dharma. We
have not discovered or invented the Dharma. We have received it as
a free gift from our spiritual friends, from the Buddha downwards.
In the Dhammapada the Buddha says, 'The greatest
of all gifts is the gift of the Dharma.'(footnote 106) The greater the
gift, the greater the gratitude we should feel. We should not only
feel that gratitude in our hearts; we should give expression to it
in words and deeds. We can do this in three ways: by singing the praises
of our spiritual friends, by practising the Dharma they have given
us, and by passing on that Dharma to others to the best of our ability.
The greatest of our spiritual friends is the Buddha Shakyamuni,
who discovered - or re-discovered - the path that we
as Buddhists follow today. It is to him that we go for Refuge, it
is the Dharma he taught that we try to practise, and it is with the
support of the Sangha he founded that we are able to practise the
Dharma. We therefore have reason to be intensely grateful to him -
more grateful, in principle, than we are to anyone else. Our parents
have indeed given us life, but what is life without the gift of the
Dharma? Our teachers have given us knowledge, education, and culture,
but what value do even these things have without the Dharma? It is
because they are so intensely grateful to the Buddha that Buddhists
perform pujas in devotion to him, and celebrate his life in the
context of the various Buddhist festivals.
But people don't always find it easy to be grateful to their parents,
or their teachers, or even their spiritual friends. Why is this? It
is important to understand the nature of the difficulty. After all,
gratitude is an important spiritual quality, a virtue exemplified
and taught by the Buddha and many others. Cicero, the great
Roman orator and philosopher, said that gratitude is not just the
greatest virtue, but the mother of all the rest. Ingratitude therefore
represents a very serious defect. On one occasion the Buddha said
that ingratitude was one of the four great offences
which bring about niraya in the sense of rebirth
in a state of suffering - a very serious and weighty statement.(footnote 107)
But why are we ungrateful to our parents, our teachers, our spiritual
friends? One would have thought that as Buddhists we would be simply
bubbling over with gratitude to all these people. A clue is to be
found in the Pali word which we render as gratitude, katannuta.
As we have seen, it means knowing or recognizing what has been done
for one's benefit. Similarly, akatannuta (a
being the negative prefix), ingratitude, means not knowing or recognizing
what has been done for one's benefit.
There are a number of reasons for ingratitude. Firstly, one may fail
to recognize a benefit as a benefit. There are some people who do
not regard life itself as a benefit, and hence do not feel grateful
to their parents for bringing them into the world. Sometimes people
say things like, 'Well I didn't ask to be brought into this world.'
If you believe in karma and rebirth, of course, this isn't quite true
- but anyway, it is what people say. In a few cases, they may
not regard life as a benefit because they experience it as painful,
even predominantly painful, and therefore don't appreciate its value,
don't realize the immense potential of human life. In Buddhist terms,
they don't realize that it is possible for a human being, and only
for a human being, to attain Enlightenment, or at least to make some
progress in that direction.
Similarly, there are people who don't regard knowledge or education
or culture as benefits. They feel no gratitude towards their teachers,
or towards those who at least try to teach them something. They may
even feel resentment. They may feel that education or culture is being
imposed upon them. Such people are unlikely to come into contact with
spiritual values, with the Dharma, or with spiritual friends, and
even if they do, such contact will be external and superficial. They
will not be able to recognize it for what it is. They may even see
those who try to be their spiritual friends as enemies, and therefore
the question of gratitude will not arise.
This was true of some people's responses to the Buddha himself. Not
all those who heard him speak or teach felt grateful to him, by any
means. There were many people in his day who saw him as a rather eccentric,
unorthodox teacher. They certainly didn't feel any gratitude towards
him for the gift of the Dharma. Sometimes people slandered him, and
some people even tried to kill him.
On the other hand, we may recognize benefits as benefits, and even
recognize that they have been given to us by other people, but we
may take those benefits for granted. Not realizing that they are a
free gift, we may think that they are owed to us, that we have a right
to them, and that therefore in a sense they belong to us already,
so that we have no need to be grateful for them.
This attitude is widespread in society today. People tend to think
that everything is due to them, that they have a right to
everything. Parents, teachers, or the state have a duty to
provide them with whatever they want. Even spiritual friends, they
may think, have a duty to provide them with what they want. If they
don't get what they want from one spiritual friend, or teacher, or
guru, and get it quickly, in the way they want it, off they will go,
to try to get it from someone else. Once again, the question of gratitude
doesn't arise. Of course, parents, teachers, and friends have a duty
to bestow benefits to the best of their ability. But it should be
recognized that those benefits have been given,
and that the response to them should therefore be one of gratitude.
Another reason for ingratitude is egoism. Egoism takes many
forms, and has many aspects. Here I mean by it an attitude of chronic
individualism: the belief that one is separate from
others, not dependent on others in any way, and that one therefore
does not owe anything to others. One feels that one is not obliged
to them, because one can do everything oneself. Dickens's Mr Bounderby is a good example of this sort of attitude, but there
are other examples in literature, like Satan in Milton's
Paradise Lost, and 'Black Salvation' in
The Life and Liberation
of Padmasambhava. The person who is egoistical in this sense is
incapable of feeling gratitude, and cannot admit that they have been
benefited by others. They may not actually say so in the way Mr Bounderby
does, but this is their underlying attitude.
This attitude sometimes finds expression in the sphere of the arts.
Some writers and artists don't like to think that they owe anything
to their predecessors. Wanting to be original, to strike out on a
completely new path, they don't like to think that there is such a
thing as cultural heritage, or a literary canon. In some circles this
attitude has taken an extreme, even a virulent form, and has resulted
in an attempt to repudiate the greater part of our literary and artistic
heritage on ideological grounds. This is an extremely unfortunate,
even potentially disastrous development, and it is to be resisted
wherever possible. Egoism in the sense in which I am using the word
also finds expression in the sphere of religion. It happens when we
don't acknowledge the sources of our inspiration, or when we try to
pass off as our own a teaching or practice that we have in fact learned
from our spiritual friends.
The fourth and last reason for ingratitude that I want to mention
here is forgetfulness. There are two main reasons
for forgetfulness of benefits received. First, there is simply the
passage of time. Perhaps the benefits were given to us a long time
ago - so long ago that we have no distinct recollection of them,
and no longer feel grateful to whoever bestowed them upon us, even
if we did originally feel grateful. This is perhaps the principal
reason for our not feeling actively grateful towards our parents.
Over the years so much has happened in our life: early memories have
been overlaid by later ones, other relationships have assumed importance,
and perhaps we have moved away from our parents, geographically, socially,
or culturally. And the result is that - practically speaking -
we forget them. We forget the numerous ways in which they benefited
us when we were young, and we cease therefore to feel grateful. The
other possible reason for our 'forgetting' to be grateful is that
we did not feel the positive effects of the benefits very strongly
in the first place, and therefore did not feel much gratitude. In
such circumstances, it is easy for the gratitude to fade away and
be forgotten altogether.
These, then, are the four most important general reasons for ingratitude:
failure to recognize a benefit as a benefit, taking benefits for granted,
egoism, and forgetfulness. Ingratitude is, unfortunately, liable
to crop up in various ways in the context of the life of a practising
Buddhist. Beyond a certain point of spiritual progress, it is simply
impossible to feel ungrateful. A Stream-entrant
is incapable of it, and in fact will be overflowing with gratitude
to parents, teachers, and spiritual friends. But until we have reached
that point, we are in danger of forgetting to be grateful.
Over the years - more than thirty, at the time of writing -
since I myself founded a Buddhist movement, I have received many,
many letters, perhaps thousands, from people who have recently discovered
the Dharma through one of the centres of the movement I founded, or
through contact with individual members of the order. Every year I
receive more and more of these letters. They come from young people
and old people, from people in many different walks of life, from
many different cultural backgrounds and nationalities. And all these
letters say, among other things, one and the same thing. They say
how glad the writers are to have discovered the Dharma. Not only that,
the writers of the letters want to express their gratitude to the
Three Jewels and to the Buddhist movement, and to me personally for
having founded it. Some people express their feeling of gratitude
very strongly indeed. They say that the Dharma has changed their lives,
given their lives meaning, saved them from despair, even saved them
from suicide.
Such letters of gratitude reach me nearly every week, and they make
me think that I have not altogether wasted my time all these years.
But over the years I've also noticed that while some people, perhaps
the majority, stay grateful, and even become more and more grateful,
in the cases of a few people, unfortunately, the feeling of gratitude
weakens. They start forgetting the benefits they have received, and
even start questioning whether they really were benefits at all. No
longer knowing or recognizing what has been done for them, they become
ungrateful. Feeling ungrateful to their spiritual friends, they may
even start finding fault with them. This is a very sad state of affairs
indeed, and in recent years I have given some thought to it and have
come to certain conclusions about how it happens.
It seems to me that people forget the benefits they
have received because they no longer actually feel them. And they
no longer feel them because for one reason or another they have put
themselves in a position where they cannot receive them. Let me give
a concrete example. Suppose you have started attending a meditation
class. You learn to meditate, and you achieve some success. You start
practising at home. But one day, for one reason or another, you stop
attending the class and then you gradually stop practising at home.
You cease to meditate. Eventually you forget what meditative experience
was like. You forget the peace and the joy you felt. You forget the
benefits of meditation. So you cease to feel grateful to those who
introduced you to the practice. The same thing can happen with regard
to retreats, Dharma study, spending time with spiritual friends, taking
part in pujas, and attending Buddhist celebrations. People can get
out of touch. They can forget how much they did, once upon a time,
benefit from those activities, and therefore they can cease to feel
grateful to those who made the activities possible.
Sometimes people reconnect after a while; they start attending the
meditation class again, or go on retreat again, perhaps after many
years. I have known people who have re-established contact after anything
up to twenty-two years - rather a long time in anybody's life.
When this happens, they nearly always say the same thing: 'I had forgotten
how good it was.' And therefore they feel renewed gratitude.
This is entirely appropriate. It is appropriate that we should be
grateful, that we should recognize the benefits we have received.
It is appropriate that we should be grateful to our parents, with
all their admitted imperfections - parents are not perfect any
more than children are. It is appropriate that we should be grateful
to our teachers, to our spiritual friends, and to the Buddhist tradition.
Above all, it is appropriate that we should be grateful to the Buddha,
who, as we have seen, was himself utterly and instinctively full of
gratitude.
notes and references
101: For more on the path of vision and the path
of transformation, see Sangharakshita, Vision
and Transformation, Windhorse, Birmingham 1999, pp.12-15.
102: See, for example, the Lalitavistara in The Voice
of the Buddha, trans. Gwendolyn Bays, Dharma Publishing, Berkeley
1983, vol.ii, p.570; or the Abhiniskramana S<@251>tra
in The Romantic Legend of Shakya Buddha, trans. Samuel
Beal, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1985 (first published 1875), p.237.
103: Huien Tsiang, in Buddhist Records of the Western World,
trans. Samuel Beal, Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi 1981 (first published
1884), part ii, p.123.
104: 'Reverence, humility, contentment, gratitude and timely hearing
of the Dhamma; this is the most auspicious performance.' Mahamangala
Sutta in Sutta-Nipata verse 265. This translation by
H. Saddhatissa, Curzon Press, London 1985, p.29.
105: from Sigalaka Sutta (also known as the Sigalovada
Sutta), Digha-Nikaya iii.188. This translation from
The Long Discourses of the Buddha, trans. Maurice Walshe, Wisdom
Publications, Boston 1995, p.467.
106: Dhammapada 354.
107: Anguttara-Nikaya IV.xxii.213.
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